Drug Abuse in the Global Village
Drug Abuse in Asia
References and notes for the Pacific Region
AUSTRALIA
Sources of information in Australia: Statistics on drug abuse and related consequences in Australia are derived from a variety of sources which include: surveys of the national and subnational population, student and special population surveys, people in treatment, medical emergencies surveys and drug caused deaths. Australia has no national registry of drug abusers but five of its six States and one of its two Territories maintain registries of clients in methadone treatment programs. Several data bases exist in the country including a National Drug Abuse Data System (NDADS), a survey clients in drug treatment centres, data bases maintained by law enforcement agencies, research commissioned by the Department of Health, Housing and Community Services such as cost and consequences research, drugs abuse in the workplace and a wide array of ad hoc surveys and targeted data collection.
These sources are believed to provide a good indication of the dimensions of illicit drug problem in Australia in spite of the hidden nature of drug use. Australia's approach to drug research and data collection is exemplary and may be a model for others to follow.
* The Legal, Administrative and Other Action Taken to Implement the International Drug Control Treaties section was prepared by the Secretariat of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs based on Annual Reports Questionnaires for the years 1990 and 1991.
Armstrong, B. K. et al. 1988. The Quantification of Drug Caused Morbidity and Mortality in Australia. A Report to the Commonwealth Department of Community Services and Health, Part I. C. D'Arcy J. Holman and Bruce K. Armstrong, 1988.
U.N. 1985-1990. Replies to the UNDCP Annual Reports Questionnaires for the years 1985 to 1990. (All the publications cited in this country profile are official annexures to U.N. or CMO).
Australia 1992. General Debate Statement. Commission on Narcotic Drugs. February 1992.
Australia 1993. Country Statement Australia. Commission on Narcotic Drugs, 36th Session. 29 March-7 April 1993.
CMO 1990,1991. Replies to the questionnaire concerning the seven targets of the Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Outline of Future Activities in Drug Abuse Control (CMO) for 1990 and 1991. (All the publications cited in this country profile are official annexures to U.N. or CMO).
Collins, D. J. et al. 1991. National Campaign against Drug Abuse. Estimating the Economic Costs of Drug Abuse in Australia. Monograph series no. 15. By David J. Collins and Helene M. Lapsley. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia, 1991.
Department of Health 1992. Statistics on Drug Abuse in Australia 1992. Department of Health, Housing and Community Services, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia, 1992.
NCADA 1985,1988,1991. NCADA National Household Survey (1985, 1988 and 1991) in Statistics on Drug Abuse in Australia 1992. Department of Health, Housing and Community Services, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia, 1992.
FIJI
* The Legal, Administrative and Other Action Taken to Implement the International Drug Control Treaties section was prepared by the Secretariat of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs based on Annual Reports Questionnaires for the years 1988-90.
U.N. 1989,1990. Replies to the UNDCP Annual Reports Questionnaires for the years 1989 and 1990.
CMO 1991. Reply to the Questionnaire regarding the seven targets of the comprehensive multidisciplinary outline of future activities in drug abuse control (CMO) for the year 1991.
Fiji 1993. Drug Situation in Fiji. Report of Fiji to the ESCAP Drugs Data Collection Workshop. 18-20 October 1993.
Fiji 1991. Country Situation Report Fiji. Country report to the Meeting of Senior Officials on Drug Abuse Issues in Asia and the Pacific. Tokyo, Japan, 13-15 February 1991.
HONLEA 1993. Report of Fiji to the Eighteenth Meeting of Heads of National Law Enforcement Agencies (HONLEA), Asia and the Pacific. Seoul, 13-17 September 1993.
FRENCH POLYNESIA
** The Legal, Administrative and Other Action Taken to Implement the International Drug Control Treaties section was not available by 15th January 1994.
U.N. 1988,1990. Replies to the UNDCP Annual Reports Questionnaires for the years 1988 and 1990.
NAURU
** The Legal, Administrative and Other Action Taken to Implement the International Drug Control Treaties section was not available by 15th January 1994.
U.N. 1991. Reply to the UNDCP Annual Reports Questionnaire for the year 1991.
NEW CALEDONIA
** The Legal, Administrative and Other Action Taken to Implement the International Drug Control Treaties section was not available by 15th January 1994.
U.N. 1987,1988,1989,1990. Replies to the UNDCP Annual Reports Questionnaires for the years 1987, 1988, 1989 and 1990.
NEW ZEALAND
** The Legal, Administrative and Other Action Taken to Implement the International Drug Control Treaties section was not available by 15th January 1994.
U.N. 1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1992. Replies to the UNDCP Annual Reports Questionnaires for the years 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989 and 1992.
Directory 1992. New Zealand Drug Education Directory. Department of Health. Wellington, 1992.
ESCAP 1991. Proceedings of the Meeting of Senior Officials on Drug Abuse Issues in Asia and the Pacific. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. Tokyo, 13-15 February 1991.
ESCAP 1993. Senior Officials Meeting on Strengthening of the Regional Network of National Focal Points on Drug Abuse Demand Reduction. The Drug Abuse Demand Situation in Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok, 1-4 February 1993.
Interpol 1991. ICPO/Interpol reports for the year 1991.
Methadone 1992. National Protocol for Methadone Programmes in New Zealand. Drugs Advisory Committee, Department of Health. Te Tari Ora, February 1992.
New Zealand 1973. Drug Dependency and Drug Abuse in New Zealand (Second Report). Board of Health Report Series No. 18. Wellington, 1973.
New Zealand 1990. Drugs in New Zealand. A Survey 1990. Alcohol and Public Health Research Unit, University of Auckland. July 1991.
New Zealand 1992. Drug Statistics 1992 Revised. Department of Health. Te Tari Ora, 1992.
Other 1990,1991,1992. Obtained from one or more seizure reports provided by Government or from other sources for the years 1990, 1991 and 1992.
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
** The Legal, Administrative and Other Action Taken to Implement the International Drug Control Treaties section was not available by 15th January 1994.
U.N. 1991,1992. Replies to the UNDCP Annual Reports Questionnaires for the years 1991 and 1992.
CMO 1990,1991. Replies to the Questionnaires concerning the seven targets of the Comprehensive multidisciplinary Outline of Future Activities in Drug Abuse Control for the years 1990 and 1991.
ESCAP 1993. ESCAP Workshop Paper from Papua New Guinea. National Narcotics Bureau of Papua New Guinea, Research Policy Planning Division. 18-21 October 1993.
DETPR 1993. Division of Education, Training and Public Relation 1993. Country Report of Papua New Guinea to the ESCAP Meeting. Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. 18-24 October 1993.
HONLEA 1993. Report of Papua New Guinea to the Eighteenth Meeting of Heads of National Drug Law Enforcement Agencies (HONLEA), Asia and the Pacific. Seoul, 13-17 September 1993.
HONLAP 1993. Current Situation and Most Recent Trends in Illicit Drug Traffic in the Asian and Pacific Region. Eighteenth Meeting of Heads of National Drug Law Enforcement Agencies (HONLEA), Asia and the Pacific. Seoul, 13-17 September 1993.
NNB 1993. Statistical Report on Alcohol and Drug (Marijuana) Abuse Convictions. Papua New Guinea Correctional Services, Buimo Metropolitan Gaol. Fax from Joshua Daniels, National Narcotics Bureau, 1993.
Papua New Guinea 1993. Overview of the Present situation of the drug abuse problem in Papua New Guinea. Report of Papua New Guinea to the Senior Officials Meeting on Strengthening in the Regional Network of National Focal Points on Drug Abuse Demand Reduction. Bangkok, Thailand, 1-4 February 1993.
SOLOMON ISLANDS
** The Legal, Administrative and Other Action Taken to Implement the International Drug Control Treaties section was not available by 15th January 1994.
Pacific 1993. Workshop on National Focal Points on Drug Abuse Demand Reduction: Pacific Countries. Country Paper Solomon Islands. 1993.
Solomon 1993. Country paper, Solomon Islands. Bangkok, Thailand. 1-4 February 1993.
TONGA
** The Legal, Administrative and Other Action Taken to Implement the International Drug Control Treaties section was not available by 15th January 1994.
U.N. 1990. Reply to the UNDCP Annual Reports Questionnaire for the year 1990.
WESTERN SAMOA
** The Legal, Administrative and Other Action Taken to Implement the International Drug Control Treaties section was not available by 15th January 1994.
U.N. 1986. Reply to the UNDCP Annual Reports Questionnaire for the year 1986.
ESCAP 1991. Proceedings of the Meeting of Senior Officials on Drug Abuse Issues in Asia and the Pacific. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 13-15 February 1991, Tokyo.
Samoa 1993. Country paper. ESCAP Workshop on National Focal Point Drug Abuse Demand Reduction. 18-21 October 1993, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.